The applications of the plasma matrix in the treatments of dental pulp and periapical diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#The plasma matrix is a kind of autologous blood conduct. It has been widely used in maxillofacial tissue regeneration, skin cosmetology and some other fields. Recently, to preserve the dental pulp as well as the teeth, pulp regeneration therapy and apical surgery have become increasingly important as well as the applications of bioactive materials. As a kind of autologous bioactive material, the plasma matrix has some natural advantages as it is easy to obtain and malleable. The plasma matrix can be used in the following cases: ①pulp revascularization of young permanent teeth with open apical foramina that cannot stimulate apical bleeding; ② apical barrier surgery with bone defects and large area perforation repair with bone defects or root sidewall repair surgery; ③ apical surgeries of teeth with large area of apical lesions, with or without periodontal diseases. The plasma matrix is a product derived from our blood, and there are no obvious contraindications for its use. Several systematic reviews have shown that the plasma matrix can effectively promote the regenerative repair of dental pulp in patients with periapical diseases. However, the applications of plasma matrix are different because its characteristics are affected by different preparation methods. In addition, there is still a lack of long-term clinical researches on the plasma matrix, and the histological evidences are difficult to obtain, so a large number of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are still needed. This article will describe the applications of different kinds of plasma matrix for dental pulp regeneration and bone tissue regeneration in apical surgeries to provide references for clinicians in indication selection and prognosis evaluation.

Evolución histórica del tratamiento en dientes permanentes inmaduros necróticos / Historical evolution of treatment in necrotic immature permanent teeth i: en

El tratamiento de dientes permanentes inmaduros necróticos constituye un desafío en la odontopediatría, y son múltiples las opciones terapéuticas propuestas para solucionar esta problemática. A tales efectos se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de exponer la evolución histórica de dicho tratamiento, para lo cual se efectuó una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica. Se consideró como método general de la investigación el dialéctico-materialista y, de manera particular, los métodos de revisión documental histórico-lógico, de análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo. A partir de determinados hitos históricos se establecieron 3 etapas, cada una de ellas con sus aportes y limitaciones; asimismo, se identificaron las regularidades y tendencias, así como los fundamentos que sustentan la necesidad de continuar investigando sobre nuevos enfoques terapéuticos.

The treatment of necrotic immature permanent teeth constitutes a challenge in the pediatric dentistry, and there are multiple therapeutic options to solve this problem. To such effects the present investigation was carried out with the objective of exposing the historical evolution of this treatment, reason why an exhaustive literature review was carried out. The dialectical-materialistic method was assumed as the general one of the investigation and in a particular way, the historical-logical, analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive methods of documental review. Three stages were established based on certain historical landmarks, each one with its contributions and limitations; also, regularities and tendencies were identified, as well as the foundations that sustain the necessity to continue investigating on new therapeutic approaches.

Non-surgical Treatment of a Non-vital, Immature Permanent Tooth with a Large Periapical Abscess: A Case Report with 8-month Follow-up

Aim: The purpose of this case report is to present a non-surgical treatment of a non-vital immature upper central incisor with a large periapical abscess within 8 months of follow-up. Methods and Materials: A traumatic case was presented in which a paste of calcium hydroxide and iodoform (Metapex�) was placed in the root canal of an immature permanent tooth with a large periapical abscess. Affected teeth were radiographically evaluated periodically over 8 months after paste insertion. At the end of 8 months, this case showed persistent root growth and apexification with no evidence of periapical radiolucency. After that, a normal root canal treatment was performed. Conclusion: In this clinical case, calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste (Metapex�) was found to induce apical closure radiographically and clinically. At 8 months, the periapical abscess was shown to have healed with continued root growth.

Apexificación en una cita utilizando material biocerámico como tapón apical / Apexification in a single appointment using a bioceramic material as an apical plug

El objetivo fue realizar una técnica de apexificación en una cita, evaluando clínica y radiográficamente la formación de barrera dura apical, con seguimiento a nueve meses, al utilizar material biocerámico en dien-tes permanentes jóvenes. Se trataron 30 incisivos su-periores permanentes con ápice abierto y anteceden-tes de trauma, en pacientes de ambos géneros y 18-40 años. Las piezas (n=30) se dividieron en dos grupos (n=15). Grupo experimental: tratamiento de apexifica-ción con EndoSequence Root Repair Material (EERR), y grupo control: tratamiento con impresión apical. Se determinaron distribuciones de frecuencias y esta-dísticas descriptivas para cada variable, según es-cala de medición y distribución. Se realizaron IC 95%, test de Chi cuadrado con cálculo de residuos estan-darizados ajustados y test de Fisher. Se fijó nivel de significación p=0.05. Las diferencias de manifestacio-nes preoperatorias y postoperatorias según grupo fueron no significativas (p Fisher = 0.9140) y (p Fisher = 0.992), respectivamente. No se hallaron diferencias entre proporciones de hallazgos radiológicos preope-ratorios según grupo. Medidas trimestralmente, no hubo diferencias significativas entre proporciones de piezas con continuidad de cortical ósea y radiolucidez periapical postoperatoria según grupo, (p Fisher = 0.7780) y (p Fisher = 0.7909), respectivamente. Debi-do la escasa cantidad de trabajos que reportan el uso de EERR para esta técnica, se requiere de nuevos en-sayos clínicos con tamaños muestrales amplios, para compararlo con otros materiales y técnicas, y deter-minar si su tasa de éxito a largo plazo es mayor que a de los materiales y técnicas usadas actualmente (AU)

To perform apexification technique in one appointment, clinically and radiographically evaluating the formation of apical hard barrier, with follow-up at nine months, when using bioceramic material in young permanent teeth. Materials and methods: 30 permanent upper incisors with open apex and history of trauma were treated, in patients of both genders and 18-40 years of ages. The teeth (n=30) were divided into two groups (n=15). Experimental group: apexification treatment was performed with EndoSequence Root Repair Material (EERR), control group: treatment with apical impression. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were determined for each variable according to scale of measurement and distribution. 95% CI, Chi-square test with calculation of adjusted standardized residuals and Fisher's test were performed. The level of significance p=0.05 was set. The differences in preoperative and postoperative manifestations according to group were not statistically significant (Fisher's p = 0.9140) and (Fisher's p = 0.992), respectively. No differences were found between proportions of preoperative radiological findings according to group. Measured quarterly, there were no significant differences between proportions of teeth with bone cortical continuity and with postoperative periapical radiolucency according to group, (p Fisher = 0.7780) and (p Fisher = 0.7909), respectively. Due to the small number of works that report its use for this technique, is necessary to carry out new clinical trials with larger sample sizes, to compare it with other materials and techniques, and determine if its success rate in the long term is greater than that of currently used materials and techniques (AU)

Application of cold flowable gutta-percha in root canal obturation after apexification / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the clinical effect of root canal obturation therapy using cold flowable gutta-percha on young permanent teeth after apexification.@*METHODS@#Ninety cases of young permanent teeth with pulp necrosis or periapical periodontitis treated by apexification were randomly divided into two groups. The cases in each group were divided into single root canal and multiple root canal according to the number of the root canal, and divided into classifications Ⅰ, and Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ according to Frank's classification of root development after apexification. Cold flowable gutta-percha and warm gutta-percha obturation techniques were used for root canal obturation of the two groups. The operation time was recorded, and the patients' therapy pain degree was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) immediately after operation. Periapical X-ray was performed after operation to evaluate the effect of the root canal filling. The total length of the root was divided into equal three parts on the X-ray film, and three-dimensional tightness of the apical, middle, and coronal region of the root canals were statistically analyzed respectively. Clinical examinations and X-ray examination were performed 6 and 12 months after the operation to evaluate the treatment success rate.@*RESULTS@#The operation time of cold flowable gutta-percha group was significantly lower than that of the control group, which were 51 s and 74 s (P < 0.05); The percentages of pain and discomfort in the two groups were 26.67% and 40.00%, respectively. There were two cases of underfilling and no overfilling in both groups. The percentages of proper filling and tight three-dimensional obturation in the experimental and control groups were 71.11% and 60.00% respectively; and the percentages of tight three-dimensional obturation in the apical third areas were 86.67% and 66.67%, the difference was significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the three-dimensional tightness between the two groups in the middle and coronal third areas. The percentages of tight three-dimensional obturation in classification Ⅰ groups were 86.67%, 83.33%, 93.33% and 76.67%, 90.00%, 96.67% in experimental and control group, respectively; The percentages of classification Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ groups were 86.67%, 86.67%, 100.00% and 46.67%, 86.67%, 100.00%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). There were no apical lesions that occurred in either group during the one-year review period.@*CONCLUSION@#The application of cold flowable gutta-percha on young permanent teeth root canal obturation after apexification can achieve good obturation effect. The root obturation effect in the apical third area is significantly better than that of warm gutta-percha obturation techniques. Cold flowable gutta-percha can shorten the clinical treatment time and ameliorate the patients' therapy comfort.

Procedimentos regenerativos endodônticos com clorexidina a 2% e hidróxido de cálcio: relato de caso / Endodontic regenerative procedures with 2% chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide: case report

Introdução: Muitas substâncias têm sido utilizadas como irrigantes e curativos intracanal nos tratamentos de dentes com rizogênese incompleta, visando obter a regeneração pulpar. A clorexidina a 2% em associação com hidróxido de cálcio P.A. pode ser uma alternativa. Métodos: No presente caso clínico, o dente #45 com periodontite apical, em um paciente com 13 anos de idade, foi tratado com solução de clorexidina a 2% como irrigante. A clorexidina na forma de gel a 2% foi utilizada como auxiliar da instrumentação e, em associação com o hidróxido de cálcio, foi utilizada como curativo durante 14 dias. Após esse período, o canal foi irrigado com solução fisiológica e, sob anestesia alveolar mandibular, uma lima K #70 foi utilizada ultrapassando levemente o ápice, para causar sangramento. Após observar que o sangue dentro dos canais alcançou a porção cervical, o cimento biocerâmico MTA Branco foi colocado na porção cervical do canal. Resultados: A apicificação e o desenvolvimento da raiz em comprimento e largura puderam ser observados já no controle de três meses, e continuaram até a última revisão, no controle de um ano. Alterações de cor não foram observadas nese período de acompanhamento. Conclusões: A clorexidina associada ao hidróxido de cálcio pode ser uma alternativa aos procedimentos de regeneração pulpar (AU).

Introduction: Many substances have been used as irrigating solutions to promote pulp regeneration and root development in teeth with incomplete rhizogenesis. The use of 2% chlorhexidine as an irrigating solution in association with Calcium Hydroxide could be an alternative. Methods: In the case of the patient, a 13-year-old boy, here presented, tooth 45 with apical periodontitis was treated with 2% Chlorhexidine solution as irrigant adjuvant to instrumentation, in association with Calcium Hydroxide used as a dressing for 14 days. After this period, the canal was cleaned with a physiological solution and under mandibular alveolar anesthesia, a # 70 K file was used slightly over the apex to cause bleeding. After observing that blood inside the canals had reached the cervical portion. White MTA was placed in the cervical portion of the canal. Results: Induced apexification and development of increasing root length and width could already be observed in the three-month control exam, and this continued until the last review in the one-year control exam. No color changes were observed in this follow-up period. Conclusions: Chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide could be used as an alternative to pulp regeneration procedures (AU).

Different techniques for the treatment of teeth with an incomplete root development and pulp necrosis: a systematic review / Diferentes técnicas para o tratamento de dentes com rizogênese incompleta e necrose pulpar: uma revisão sistemática

Introduction: The objective of this systematic review was to compare the apexification techniques of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), with the pulp regeneration technique, using cohort studies, and non-randomized and randomized clinical trials. Methods: The methodology was based on electronic research in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS. In addition, a manual search was carried out using the references that were listed in the articles found. Results: A total of 403 potentially eligible studies were found, with seven being included in the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The seven studies involved a total of 312 teeth. The minimum time of a follow-up period was 12 months. The irrigation solution most used was sodium hypochlorite, for both of the apexification and revascularization techniques. The medication commonly chosen in the apexification groups was Ca(OH)2, with antibiotic triple paste in the revascularization groups. The clinical rate of success in the groups treated with revascularization varied from 76% to 100%, while in the groups treated with apexification, it ranged from 68% to 100%. Only two studies reached a success rate equal to 100%. Conclusions: Variable levels of evidence were observed in relation to the treatments. However, it was confirmed that revascularization is an excellent option since its outcomes produced a greater gain of thickness and root length, besides developing a decrease in the apical foramen.

Introdução: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi comparar as técnicas de apexificação, com hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2) ou agregado trióxido mineral (MTA), com a técnica de regeneração pulpar, utilizando estudos coorte, ensaio clínico não randomizado e randomizado. Métodos: A metodologia foi baseada em pesquisa eletrônica nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Acadêmico, SciELO e LILACS. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa manual utilizando as referências listadas nos artigos encontrados. Resultados: Foram encontrados 403 estudos potencialmente elegíveis, sendo sete incluídos nos critérios de inclusão desta revisão sistemática. Os sete estudos envolveram um total de 312 dentes. O tempo mínimo de um período de acompanhamento foi de 12 meses. A solução de irrigação mais utilizada foi o hipoclorito de sódio, para as técnicas de apexificação e revascularização. O medicamento comumente escolhido nos grupos de apexificação foi o Ca(OH)2, com pasta tripla antibiótica nos grupos de revascularização. A taxa clínica de sucesso nos grupos tratados com revascularização variou de 76% a 100%, enquanto nos grupos tratados com apexificação variou de 68% a 100%. Apenas dois estudos atingiram uma taxa de sucesso igual a 100%. Conclusões: Níveis variáveis de evidência foram observados em relação aos tratamentos. No entanto, confirmou-se que a revascularização é uma excelente opção, pois seus desfechos produzem maior ganho de espessura e comprimento radicular, além de diminuir o forame apical.

Técnica de apexificación con un sustituto bioactivo de la dentina en una sola sesión: caso clínico / Apexification technique with a bioactive dentin substitute in a single session: a clinical case

Las piezas con necrosis pulpar y ápice abierto son un desafío de la práctica clínica endodóntica. Durante mucho tiempo estas piezas han sido tratadas con la técnica de apexificación con hidróxido de calcio. Esta técnica estimula la formación de una barrera calcificada a nivel apical, pero a partir de varias sesiones de tratamiento y los riesgos asociados que esto conlleva. Hoy en día, con el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, están a disposición materiales biocerámicos que permiten realizar el protocolo en una sola sesión. El Biodentine es un biocerámico con tiempo de fraguado corto y buena capacidad de sellado, que permite reducir los tiempos clínicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico de una pieza dentaria diagnosticada con necrosis pulpar y con apicoformación incompleta, tratada con una técnica de apexificación con Biodentine en una sesión (AU)

Application of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) in the treatment of pulp diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#The development of materials science is of great significance to the treatment of dental pulp diseases. Poly lactic acid glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymer is an organic macromolecule compound that is widely used in the preparation of biomedical materials. In recent years, PLGA, as a drug/molecular loaded system and tissue regeneration scaffold, has shown prospects for application in the treatment of dental pulp diseases. This paper will review the application of PLGA in the treatment of dental pulp diseases and provide a basis for its further development and utilization. The results of the literature review show that PLGA is a drug/molecular delivery system that is mainly used in the improvement of pulp capping materials, root canal disinfectant and apexification materials. PLGA-improved pulp capping agents can prolong the action time of the drug and reduce toxicity. The modified root canal disinfectant can realize the sustained release of drug, make the drug penetrate deeper into the subtle structure, and contact more widely with the pathogenic bacteria. The modified apexification materials can provide more convenient administration methods for apexifixment. As a scaffold for tissue engineering, PLGA is mainly used in the study of pulp regeneration. The optimization of PLGA physical properties and action environment can provide a more suitable microenvironment for seed cells to proliferate and differentiate. How to utilize the advantages of PLGA to develop a more suitable material for endodontic application needs further study.

Ex Vivo Evaluation of a Restoration Protocol for Teeth with Simulated Incomplete Rhizogenesis / Evaluación ex vivo de un protocolo de restauración para dientes con rizogénesis incompleta simulada

Abstract: The use of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as an intracanal medication triggers a biomineralization process within mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plugs during the apexification process in teeth with incomplete rhizogenesis. However, no consensus is available in the literature regarding a restorative protocol for this type of treatment. Thus, the objective of this study was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the processes of biomineralization and adhesion in a restorative protocol for teeth with simulated incomplete rhizogenesis. Methodology: Root sections with a thickness of 2mm and cavities with a diameter of 2mm were used. The sections were randomly prepared and filled with the following materials: Group 1 (n=12), ProRoot MTA; and Group 2 (n=12): MTA Exp. Subsequently, the samples were immersed in PBS for 35 days. Every 5 days, the PBS was replaced, and the precipitates were collected, dried, and weighed. Two samples from each group were analyzed by SEM. Moreover, 24 single-rooted teeth were standardized, incomplete rhizogenesis was simulated, and 5-mm-long apical plugs were created with Pro Root MTA. As an intracanal medication, PBS was used for different periods of time: Group 1:48 h; Group 2:7 days; and Group 3:15 days. Then, fiberglass posts were cemented with the REBILDA® Post System. The samples were prepared and analyzed by SEM. Results: ProRoot MTA and MTA Exp effectively promoted the formation of carbonated apatite precipitates and biomineralization with dentin. ProRoot MTA yielded more carbonated apatite precipitates compared to MTA Exp (p=0.0536). The use of PBS as an intracanal medication for 7 and 15 days promoted intratubular mineralization (MIT), and treatment for 15 days was more effective (p < 0.05). The REBILDA® Post System effectively promoted the microimbrication of the adhesive system and the formation of resinous tags with lateral adhesive branches. Conclusion: Apexification with MTA associated with the use of PBS as an intracanal medication for 15 days, in addition to the use of the REBILDA® Post System, seems to be a feasible restorative protocol.

Resumen: El uso de solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) como medicamento intracanal desencadena un proceso de biomineralización en los plugs apicales con agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) durante el proceso de apexificación en dientes con rizogénesis incompleta. Sin embargo, no hay consenso disponible en la literatura sobre un protocolo restaurador para este tipo de tratamiento. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue utilizar microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) para evaluar los procesos de biomineralización y adhesión en un protocolo restaurador para dientes con rizogénesis incompleta simulada. Metodología: Se utilizaron secciones de raíz con un espesor de 2mm y se realizaron cavidades con un diámetro de 2 mm. Las cavidades en las secciones se obturaron con: Grupo 1 (n=12), ProRoot MTA; y Grupo 2 (n=12): MTA Exp. Posteriormente, las muestras se sumergieron en PBS durante 35 días. Cada 5 días, se reemplazó el PBS y se recogieron los precipitados, se secaron y pesaron. Dos muestras de cada grupo fueron analizadas por MEB. Además, se estandarizaron 24 dientes de raíz única, se simuló la rizogénesis incompleta y se crearon tapones apicales de 5mm de longitud con Pro Root MTA. Como medicamento intracanal, se utilizó PBS durante diferentes períodos de tiempo: Grupo 1:48 h; Grupo 2:7 días; y Grupo 3:15 días. Posteriormente, los postes de fibra de vidrio se cementaron con el sistema de postes REBILDA®. Las muestras fueron preparadas y analizadas por MEB. Resultados: ProRoot MTA y MTA Exp promovieron efectivamente la formación de precipitados de apatita carbonatada y la biomineralización con dentina. ProRoot MTA produjo más precipitados de apatita carbonatada en comparación con MTA Exp (p=0.0536). El uso de PBS como medicamento intracanal durante 7 y 15 días promovió la mineralización intratubular (MIT), siendo el tratamiento durante 15 días más efectivo (p <0.05). El sistema de postes REBILDA® promovió efectivamente la microimbricación del sistema adhesivo y la formación de tags resinosos. Conclusión: La apexificación con MTA asociada con el uso de PBS como medicación intracanal durante 15 días, además del uso del sistema de postes REBILDA®, parece ser un protocolo factible y eficaz en este tipo de tratamientos.

Tratamiento no quirúrgico de lesión periapical de gran tamaño: Reporte de caso / Non-surgical Therapeutics of large size periapical injury: Clinical case report

Resumen Se describe un caso clínico sobre una mujer de 21 años de edad la cual sufrió trauma dental a los 6 años que comprometió al incisivo superior izquierdo lo cual con el tiempo generó o se formó una gran lesión periapical en esta región. Radiográficamente se observa la formación incompleta de la raíz, las paredes del conducto radicular delgadas, y una extensa lesión periapical. Se realizó el desbridamiento químico-mecánico con limas K y se ejecutó la desinfección del conducto radicular con clorhexidina al 2%. El conducto se deja medicado con hidróxido de calcio (Vitapex®), el cual se reemplaza periódicamente con dicho material hasta los nueve meses, finalmente se obtura con Biodentine®. Se da seguimiento al caso a través de cuatro años, pasando por blanqueamiento interno, carilla de resina hasta llegar a poste intra radicular con corona completa de porcelana en lo concerniente al aspecto estético. En cuanto a la lesión periapical de gran tamaño, se llega a observar por medio de tomografías, disminución de la lesión al mínimo y genera cicatrización ósea. En relación con la observación clínica hay desaparición de la fístula y ausencia de sintomatología.

Abstract This report describes a clinical case involving a 21-year-old woman, who suffered dental trauma at age 6, compromising left tooth 2.1. On time she developed a large periapical injury in this area. Radiographically, incomplete root formation, thin walls of the root canal, and extensive periapical damage is clearly shown. Chemo- mechanical debridement was performed with K files and disinfection of the root canal using 2% chlorhexidine. The root canal was left medicated with calcium hydroxide (Metapex), which was replaced periodically until 9 months. Finally, the root canal was completely sealed with Biodentine. The case had a follow up for over four years and concerning esthetical aspects, through this period of time an internal whitening, resin veneer, intra radicular post and complete crown were provided. Regarding the considerable periapical injury, tomography shows that it has been drastically reduced and generated bone healing. Clinical observations also show that the fistula and symptomatology disappeared.

Apexificación de un molar permanente a través de silicato tricálcico / Apexification of a permanent molar with tricalcium silicate

Paciente pediátrico de 9 años y género masculino, que acudió para valoración odontológica por presentar dolor dental tras ingerir alimentos fríos. El diagnóstico definitivo quedó establecido como pulpitis reversible del molar 3.6, decidiendo conducta terapéutica de recubrimiento pulpar directo con silicato tricálcico para lograr apexificación. La decisión clínica resultó exitosa, el seguimiento de la evolución permitió apreciar que el diente mantuvo su vitalidad, las raíces continuaron desarrollándose y no aparecieron signos o síntomas de lesiones periapicales.

9-year-old pediatric male patient, who came for dental evaluation because of dental pain after eating cold food. The definitive diagnosis was established as reversible pulpitis of the molar 3.6, deciding on the therapeutic behavior of the direct pulp coating with tricalcium silica to achieve apexification. The clinical decision was successful, the follow-up of the evolution identified the affected tooth as vital, the roots continued to develop, and no signs or symptoms of periapical lesions appeared.

Polymicrobial Leakage and Retention of MTA and Portland Cement in a Model of Apexification

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the sealing capacity and retention of apical barriers made with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement (PC). Material and Methods: Fifty-six bovine incisors were sectioned 8 mm above and 12 mm below the cement-enamel junction. The root canal was enlarged with a diamond drill to create a standard 2.5 mm diameter opening. Apical sheets of 5 mm thickness were placed using white MTA-Angelus or white PC. Fifteen samples of each material were exposed to human saliva in a dual chamber apparatus and casting was evaluated at 30 days. Samples without apical barriers and fully sealed samples were used as positive and negative controls (n = 3), respectively. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test (p<0.05) after 3 periods: 1 to 10 days (P1); days 11 to 20 (P2); and days 21 to 30 (P3). Then, three 1 mm thick sections were obtained at the apical level of other root samples of each material (n = 10) and the push-out test was performed Results: The leakage rates in P1, P2 and P3 were 60%, 73.3% and 100% for the MTA; and 73.3%, 86.7% and 100% for CP, with no significant difference between materials, regardless of the period analyzed. There were no significant differences between the bond strengths for both cements (p>0.05) Conclusion: Mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement apical barriers presented similar sealing ability and bond strength values.

Triple antibiotic paste: momentous roles and applications in endodontics: a review

This study investigated the latest findings and notions regarding ‘triple antibiotic paste’ (TAP) and its applications in dentistry, particularly endodontics. TAP is a combination of 3 antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline. Despite the problems and pitfalls research pertaining to this paste has unveiled, it has been vastly used in endodontic treatments. The paste's applications vary, from vital pulp therapy to the recently introduced regeneration and revascularisation protocol. Studies have shown that the paste can eliminate the root canal microorganisms and prepare an appropriate matrix for further treatments. This combination is able to remove diverse groups of obligate and facultative gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, providing an environment for healing. In regeneration protocol cases, this allows the development, disinfection, and possible sterilization of the root canal system, so that new tissue can infiltrate and grow into the radicular area. Moreover, TAP is capable of creating a discipline in which other wanted and needed treatments can be successfully performed. In conclusion, TAP, as an antibacterial intracanal medication, has diverse uses. Nevertheless, despite its positive effects, the paste has shown drawbacks. Further research concerning the combined paste and other intracanal medications to control microbiota is a must.

Calcium hydroxide induces mineralized tissue neoformation: a case report

Trauma in the anterior teeth is a relatively common occurrence during childhood, having as main consequence teeth with incomplete root development and open apices. Patient, male, leucoderma, 10 years old, attended the Dental Clinic of the Southern University of the State of Santa Catarina, reporting as main complaint fracture in the crown of element 11. After clinical and radiographic examination, it was possible to identify the incomplete apexogenesis of this tooth and the presence of necrotic pulp. Aiming to stimulate neoformation of mineralized tissue at the dental apex, the calcium hydroxide based dressing was used. He remained for eight months, always with radiographic control. Apexification was observed radiographically and proved through the use of an instrument introduced inside the canal. The use of calcium hydroxide as intracanal medication for eight months stimulated mineralized tissue neoformation in the apical region of element 11 and allowed endodontic treatment.

Alternativas clínicas para el tratamiento de dientes traumatizados con rizogénesis incompleta: una visión actualizada / Clinical alternatives for treatment of traumatized immature teeth: an update review

La necrosis pulpar en dientes con ápice abierto representa un desafio al tratamiento endodóntico. Esto debido a que la anatomía radicular se encuentra parcialmente formada, con ápices abiertos, paredes radiculares finas y frágiles, así como la longitud radicular reducida. En estas situaciones, cuatro opciones de tratamiento están disponibles: 1) Apexificación con renovación periódica de medicación intraconducto (MIC), hasta que sea posible observarradiográficamente el cierre apical; 2) Apexificación sin renovación de MIC; 3) Confección de una barrera apical utilizando agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) o Biodentine; 4) Revascularización pulpar. El endodoncista debe estar atento a la evolución tanto de las técnicas de tratamiento como de los materiales dentales, conociendo sus indicaciones y limitaciones. Este artículo llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura sobre las diferentes formas de tratamiento en casos de dientes traumatizados con rizogénesis incompleta y necesidad de tratamiento endodóntico por necrosis pulpar, indicando las ventajas, desventajas y limitaciones de cada una.

Necrotic pulp of teeth with open apex leads to challenges in endodontic treatment because the anatomy of the root canal is incompletely formed with widely open apex, root walls thin and fragile and reduced root length. In these situations, four treatment options are available: 1) Apexification with periodic exchanges of intracanal medication (ICM), until radiographic evidence of apical closure; 2) Apexification without exchanges of ICM; 3) Apical barrier using mineral-trioxide-aggregate (MTA) or Biodentine; 4) Pulp revascularization. The endodontist should be attentive to the evolution of treatment techniques and dental materials, with their limitations and directions. This article reviews the literature on the different forms of treatment in cases of traumatized immature teeth, indicating the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each one.

Tapón apical con biocerámicos: tratamiento del ápice abierto en una cita

El trauma dental es una causa frecuente de necrosis pulpar en piezas anteriores, a edades tempranas, lo que detiene el desarrollo radicular y complica el manejo del caso. La apexificación con hidróxido de calcio ha sido el tratamiento de elección durante muchos años; sin embargo, requiere de muchas citas y se ha informado que su uso a largo plazo puede debilitar las paredes dentinales. Con el surgimiento de los materiales a base de biocerámicos, es posible realizar este tipo de tratamiento en una sola sesión y con resultados más predecibles. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el manejo de la apexificación en una cita mediante la creación de un tapón apical con MTA y su seguimiento a 4 años.

Dental trauma is a frequent cause of pulp necrosis in anterior teeth, at an early age, which stops root development and complicates case management. Apexification with calcium hydroxide has been the treatment of choice for many years, however, it requires many appointments and it has been reported that its long-term use can weaken the dentinal walls. With the emergence of materials based on bioceramics, it is possible to perform this type of treatment in a single session and with more predictable results. Therefore, the objective of this article is to show the management of the apexification in an appointment by creating an apical plug with MTA and its follow up to 4 years.

Impacted stapler pin in fractured maxillary central incisor with open apex: Advanced endodontic management using biodentine as innovative apical matrix.

The presence of foreign objects in the pulp chamber of fractured permanent teeth is a rare phenomenon and often diagnosed accidently .These foreign bodies are most commonly self inflicted by young patients and remain impacted within the pulp canal thereby acting as potential source of infection and painful conditions1. In the present case report, we present successful endodontic management of stapler pin lodged in fractured maxillary central incisor with challenge of open apex in young patient using biodentine as a novel apical matrix.

A Biological Approach in Repair of Damaged Dental Pulp and Periapical Tissues using Platelet Rich Fibrin, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Laser Biostimulation.

This article describes about a biological approach in the repair of dental pulp and periapical tissues using biomaterials (platelet rich fibrin [PRF] and mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA]) and laser biostimulation. Case 1: Pulpotomy with PRF, MTA, and laser biostimulation. Patient follow-up was done at 1, 3, and 6 months. On 6 months follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and tooth responded positively to pulp tests. Radiograph revealed normal periodontal ligament space and trabecular bone pattern. Case 2: Apexification procedure using PRF, MTA, and laser biostimulation in 31 and 41. Patient follow-up was done at 1, 3, and 6 months. On 6 months follow-up, radiograph revealed relative root lengthening, thickening of the canal walls in the apical one-third of root, and a healing lesion. Repair and regenerative potential of PRF, an enhanced cellular metabolism with laser biostimulation in combination with the sealing ability of MTA enhances the clinical success outcomes in pulpotomy and apexification procedures.

Vertical root fracture associated with prolonged use of calcium hydroxide during apexification: a case report / Fractura radicular vertical asociada al uso prolongado de hidróxido de calcio durante una apexificación: reporte de caso

Apexification is a procedure performed in young permanent teeth to promote apical closure and root elongation if Hertwig’s epithelial sheath has not been irreversibly damaged. The objective of this article is to describe vertical root fracture as a complication during apexification when using calcium hydroxide for extended periods of time. The patient was a 9-year-old female student who went to the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad Andres Bello in Concepcion. She presented strong and spontaneous pain and pressure and swelling on the left cheek. Clinically, the vestibule of the lower left first molar (3.6) was edematous and had pus. Radiographically, lesions and open apices were seen in the apical zone. Diagnosis was pulp necrosis and acute apical abscess. The tooth was trephined to perform intracanal drainage and an oral antibiotic was prescribed. Afterwards, she was referred to the endodontic specialty office. The selected treatment was apexification with calcium hydroxide until achieving the formation of an apical barrier. When the apical formation was observed, a vertical root fracture was discovered as well, confirming that the use of calcium hydroxide should not be prolonged because dehydration processes lead to weakening of the walls and therefore of the tooth...

La apexificación es un procedimiento realizado en dientes permanentes jóvenes que busca un cierre apical y elongación radicular, cuando la vaina epitelial de Hertwig no se encuentre irreversiblemente afectada. El objetivo de este artículo es relacionar a la fractura vertical radicular como una complicación durante una apexificación al trabajar por tiempo prolongado con hidróxido de calcio. Paciente de sexo femenino, estudiante, 9 años, acudió a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Andrés Bello Sede Concepción, presentó dolor fuerte y espontaneo, presión e hinchazón de la mejilla izquierda. Clínicamente el fondo de vestíbulo del primer molar inferior izquierdo (3.6) edematoso y con contenido purulento. Radiográficamente se observó en la zona apical la presencia de lesiones y ápices abiertos. El diagnóstico fue Necrosis pulpar y Absceso Apical Agudo, se trepanó para realizar drenaje intraconducto y se prescribió medicación antibiótica oral, para luego ser remitida a la especialidad de endodoncia, donde el tratamiento seleccionado fue Apexificación con hidróxido de calcio hasta observar la formación de barrera apical. Al cumplirse el objetivo de formación apical se descubrió una fractura radicular vertical. La presencia de la fractura radicular vertical fue asociada al tiempo de uso del hidróxido de calcio, confirmando que este no debe ser prolongado ya que por procesos de deshidratación lleva al debilitamiento de las paredes y por ende de la pieza dental...